Paleozoic Earth - Estemmenosuchus uralensis grazing

Location Russia 255 million years ago Mean atmospheric O₂ 115% of modern level Mean atmospheric CO₂ 3x pre-industrial level Mean temperature 2°C above modern level		Geologic Time Scale Era: Paleozoic Period: Permian Epoch: Lopingian Age: Wuchiapingian

	Estemmenosuchus uralensis grazing An herbivorous dinocephalian therapsid (a primitive mammal-like reptile) from the species Estemmenosuchus uralensis grazes on a hilltop 255 million years ago in what is today the Perm region of Russia near the Ural Mountains. About the size of a modern adult bull, Estemmenosuchus uralensis was an early ancestor of today's mammals, however it's not known whether Estemmenosuchus uralensis was warm blooded. The surrounding trees are gymnosperms of the genus Cordaites and the foreground plants are ferns.